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Mind-Blowing Magic Magnets – Smarter Every Day 153

Hey, it's me Destin. Welcome back to SmarterEveryDay. You might not know this but every single hydraulic pump in every car you've probably ever been in has a little bitty magnet in it to catch shavings so that the mechanism doesn't foul up. Now, I know this because when I was growing up both of my parents worked at this plant and made steering pumps. The cool thing about that is that they would bring home the magnets that were out of spec and bring them to me and I got to play for hours and understand things about how magnets attract and how they repel each other. So, today I wanna talk about magnets. Specifically, I want to do a slow motion experiment with a little boy named
Garrett who reminds me of my child-like fascination with magnets and then after that I wanna talk to you about the next great manufacturing leap in magnets. Printable magnets! It's amazing. Let's go get Smarter Every Day. Two "Rs" two "Ts"?
[Garrett] Mhm [Destin] This is Garrett, two "Rs" two "Ts" Hello, Garrett
[Garrett] Hello, how are you? [Destin] I am in Connecticut and
Garrett brought something for me to do in slowmo.

What did you bring me, Garrett? [Garrett] I brought magnets that, I don't want to flip them right now 'cause that'll take a long time to redo but when you flip one they all turn together and almost instantly go back into one
[Destin] And you observed this yourself, right? [Garret] Yeah
[Destin] This is something you came up with and you want to do. So, we're going to try in slow motion right? [Garret] Once I flip this first part over and these are all going to fold over onto it Five, four, three, two, one, zero [Destin] That was really cool actually, Garrett.

That was actually very very cool. (laughter) Alright so… (laughter) [Destin and Garrett] Whoa…
[Unknown voice] The force is strong with this one. (laughter) [Destin] And you came up with this idea, huh?
[Garrett] Yup I was looking at them one day and I was making them into that and I accidentally flipped one and it did that. [Destin] Really? Alright!
(applause) Playing with magnets as a kid was pretty simple: You had a north face and a south face and they would align and slap together.

But, now something else is happening. We're at a company called Polymagnet here in Alabama and if you look at their design you kinda get an idea of what they're doing. They can print specific magnetic designs on the surface of a magnet. Now, you've never seen anything like this because it's bizarre. You can get new, unique, crazy,
behaviours just by manipulating that magnetic field. Let's go check it out. This is Jason Morgan, head of engineering. He's agreed to teach me about Polymagnets and show me some stuff that most people don't get to see. [Morgan] So, this is a conventional magnet.
[Destin] Ok
[Morgan] So, if you look at the conventional magnet [Destin] Wait, hold on, what is this?
[Morgan] This is magnetic viewing film. [Destin] Magnetic viewing film.
[Morgan] Yes.
[Destin] Ok [Morgan] What that does is shows you transition in the magnetic field.
[Destin] Uh-huh [Morgan[ So it allows us to see where the magnetic field transitions from north to south.

[Destin] Got it, ok.
[Morgan] So, this is a conventional
magnet it's a neodymium magnet. So, got a north face and a south face and the magnetic field goes from one face around to the other face. [Destin] Can we draw on the whiteboard?
[Morgan] Absolutely.
[Destin] We'll say this is our magnet here. [Morgan] Right.
[Destin] So, the field lines are going to go out and in, right? [David] Yeah, you'll have, you know, closed loop, don't wanna break Maxwell's equations, all the way around from your north pole to your south pole by convention. [Destin] Gotcha, ok [Morgan] So, what we do different is we take a magnet and create pole regions on the surface. So, we create north and south on the same surface of the magnet and what that allows us to do is close that circuit that David was talking about in a much more compact space and that gives us a stronger field close to the magnet, a stronger force, close.. [Destin] Ok, so, I think I got it. So, what you're saying is if we've got the big loop here north and south you're doing the same thing only they're looping much closer together
[Morgan] Correct
[Destin] Like that? Even in on itself.

[Morgan] Almost. Right, so, what
actually happens is you have the north and the south on one face the magnet and so what happens is we have the field go like this and so instead of this long field that can create interference and waste energy you have a tight field so that it's tightly controlled
and you have the force really focus near the magnet. [Destin] These people are like modern-day wizards. They can create whatever magnetic field they want on any of these magnets.

I sat and talked with him for about an hour and came to understand that the way the magnet interacts with the target material determines how strong it's attached. And so what you're saying is the magnetic field in this one is going to come up
and around and go all the way back to the back of the magnet, correct?
[Morgan] Correct
[Destin] Ok, in this one we have a tighter grouping of the magnetic field so the circuits are going
through the steel and they're completing just outside of the steel on the other
side, correct? [Morgan] On the same face of the magnet
[Destin] Same face of the magnet.

So, they're not going all the way back around to the back side. Gotcha. Here, I have a very dense spacing of magnetic fields and so they're all
completing inside the steel [Morgan] Inside the steel, correct [Destin] Do I understand magnets?
[Someone off camera] You do. You understand polymagnets.
[Destin] Polymagnets Let's say you have a piece of steel that's a certain thickness and you wanna attach this one-inch magnet to it. Engineers first design and print the magnetic field and input both the magnet and the steel into this pull test machine to quantify the exact force versus distance curve. If they want to they can then change
the magnetic field and tailor it until they get the exact force curve they're looking for.

This ability to manipulate the strength of the magnetic field coupled with a really clever geometry allows you to create fascinating magnetic behaviors. For example, these magnets, they're attracted to each other but they don't touch. They stop just a few millimeters away and seem to hover. This behavior is what they call a spring. These are Springs. Alright this is a spring that's a little bit different it's a little more complex and can be used as a latch. So, you see that it acts as a spring so if you think about it, let's say, like a cabinet door closure. You could have a cabinet door that came together in a soft close with some, some shock absorption but then you could twist it to lash (Destin gasps) and it holds strong. [Destin] No way. So, I can pull against you, like that. I
close it and then when I turn it..
[Morgan] Locks into place. [Destin] That's ridiculous. Time out! This is way different in your
hands than it is on a video. Attraction and repulsion in the same axis in then you rotate and you can't pull it apart.

Now we know that any sufficiently mature technology looks like magic until you understand exactly how it works. Watch the faces of my highly-educated engineering co-workers as I put this in their hands. What's going on there?
[Friend] I'm not really sure.
(laughter) [Friend] That is weird. How does that work? [Friend] Ooo it catches. I have no clue. [Destin] So, if it's not magic how does it work? [Morgan] You have that locking point, where it holds tightly, but then you turn past.. (metal clinking) and it will hold in that spring location. [Destin] That's genius. That's gonna change doorknobs. I really think it is. Are you excited about that?
[Morgan] We like this. We like this one a lot. Jason agreed to let David show me some
of the special machines in the back that they invented program magnets. They look just like 3d printers only you load a blank magnet and it can create whatever magnetic field you can imagine. While we waited the five or so minutes it takes for these things to run, I went back out and met more magnet geeks and tried to learn more lingo.

You said a maxel?
[Magnet Geek] A Maxel. [Destin] A Maxel is a what?
[Magnet Geek] It's a magnetic pixel [Destin] Really?
[Magnet Geek] Yep.
[Destin] And so a magnetic pixel would be a node inside the magnet that's printed. So, the image that you just printed is created by magnetic pixels or maxels.
[David] More or less. [Destin] Can we go look at it?
[David] Oh yeah. Think about these maxels. Somehow this machine creates north and south polarized maxels inside the
magnet. You can add these pixels up to basically make images that can create forces. If you couple one image with a complimentary image you can then create incredible three-dimensional behaviours. This technology is so new there hasn't even been enough time to think through all the different applications. I think it's a game-changer. I'd love to hear what you think in the comments and please consider passing this video along to all your smart friends to see what they think.

So this is the Smarter Every Day magnet. [Morgan] Yeah so we'll.. [Destin] Oh man! So, you could make a marble track. Could you do that?
[Morgan] Give me a big enough magnet. (laughter) [Destin] This is bizzare. Alright so here we go, Smarter Every Day. We have a marble, And it follows the field lines. So, there you go. The entire foundation of magnetic
circuit design technology just changed. I'm not gonna lie it makes me look at
magnets just like I did when I was a little kid. Okay, my parents worked at that
plant growing up to support the family. I choose to be an engineer and make
YouTube videos at night so let's don't make this part weird because you're
smart people you know how this works. Smarter Every Day is supported by
audible.com and I would love it if you decided to support audible so they wanted to continue supporting Smarter Every Day. You know what's going on. Oh wait! Look at this! A printed magnet telling you the promo code.

If you want to get a free audio book of your choice go to audible.com/smarter I actually
use this I'm not just telling you to do something because you know they support Smarter Every Day. This is something that will actually make you smarter every day so if you wanna support Smarter Every Day go to audible.com/Smarter to get a book of your choice. I would like that. Also I wanna thank Polymagnets, the group that actually makes
these things, for printing all the crazy stuff this is an untapped potential. The medical field? What could they use this technology for? It's pretty impressive. Anyway go to check out their website they have some really cool features on there.

That's it. If this earned your subscription feel free to do that but if not I just want you to get smarter every day. I'm Destin. Have a good one..

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You Are a Divine Being In Human Form. And, As Part of The Divine…

Permanent Magnet Chair – 500 kg of Repulsion

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Permanent magnets repel when facing each other I have in my hands. Two small neodymium permanent magnets, each weighing 45 grams and it’s quite difficult to press them together. They’re quite fun to play with, but imagine if we took something 40 times bigger than this, How much force would it need to push them together, And maybe we can build something interesting as a permanent magnet suspension, chair Watch this video and you’ll – Find out Let’s start small. Two 45 gram, permanent magnet cubes start flying at each other in distance of 10 centimeters, The closer they move, the harder they accelerate. Now let’s introduce a large permanent magnet into the play. Our iron objects are attracted from 15 cm apart. The small magnet now is drawn in from 25 cm apart and flies into the wood, with even more energy Note that I use a wood to protect the magnets from chipping and breaking since with these sizes. The final import is just powerful. A fancy alternative is to use an aluminum block so when magnets are moving, the induced opposing magnetic field acts as a damper. So when slowed down, we can observe unlinear nature of the attraction Athough. This is a topic for different video. I, have, to, show, you, how, these, large, permanent, magnets, behave, when, large, conductor, is, present, A, moving, magnet, creates, changing, magnetic, field, which, induces, eddy, currents, in, the, metal, Magnetic, field, caused, by, induced, currents, opposed, the, external, field, by, permanent, magnet, So, when, I, move, the, magnet, Swiftly, all 24 kilogram aluminum plate can be drawn or spun, but the most exciting demonstration of this is dropping the magnet between two plates and suddenly magnet is floating in the air. You just saw gravitational energy transferred into electrical, which then is dissipated as heat simply warming. The plate with each magnet drop now let’s get back to magnetic suspension experiment. First, we need 4 large permanent magnets, which luckily we have in our laboratory To understand what are we dealing in terms of forces? I ran a numerical model which calculates force between the magnets when they’re pushed together. Theory states that a repulsion force when magnets are completely pushed together is 2800 Newtons or two hundred and eighty five kilograms and and we’re, going to use two pairs of them. So double that To accommodate such forces, we needed to build a device that allows free movement of magnets in a vertical direction and ensures no sideways movement or twisting demonstration device has two magnet holding platforms that are built from plywood and each hold two magnets. These platforms are connected to rails with sliders, which allow movement with only one degree of freedom. We had to avoid metals for building materials, since they can be magnetic or conduct electricity. Yet the frame and a platform has to be strong enough to hold half a ton of weight predicted in the calculations And here’s an end result. Upper platform turned out quite heavy together with magnets. It weighed 35 kilograms, so distance in equilibrium is just over 6 centimetres. It can easily support my weight when I sit on it or even when I start jumping Overall the suspension, if you can call it like that, feels a lot harder than expected. I f you wanted to make it softer. One way would be adding more magnets in series like I have shown in the example, This different system acts like a magnetic spring. One surprising thing here was tat. I could apply forced oscillations with my hand and push the magnets together for a moment of time That’s possible, because I’m applying energy in each oscillation like in a swing rather than simply pushing them together. But that’s cheating – and we want to do this properly. Now, let’s take some weights and see how much force does it take to push these magnets togehter? To do that, we’re, adding weightlifting plates and in the left, lower corner. You can see total applied weight and in the upper left corner distance between magnet surfaces In the beginning, separation distance drops off quickly The further we go, the harder it is to push them together By using half of the plates that’s 200 kilograms. We have pushed surfaces together from 60 to 10 millimeters, but the hardest part was yet to come. We used all of the plates which, in total, was 435 kilograms. Enter still was a gap measuring around 0 6 millimeters. We scrambled two aluminum blocks, thus adding 35 kilograms, which increased the total to 470 kilograms. At this point, we were almost there. One pair of magnets were in contact while other side. You could still pass the paper through it Just to be sure we had to bring in more weights. This is a 95 kilogram anvil which we put on the top of the Tower of weights in place of the aluminum blocks. At this point, we were applying 530 kilograms of weight to the magnets, And that was enough to achieve the result of pressing two pairs of permanent magnets together. Now, let’s think about the result. We just achieved Pressing our magnets together took over half a ton of weight Or in American units weight to 5 Donald Trumps. There were four permanent magnets with total weight, 7 2 kilograms and it took 75 times the weight to press them together That’s impressive and almost as much as numerical model predicted within a reasonable tolerance. Another take away is the fact that each permanent magnet by default experiences internal forces with such order of magnitude. This is one of the reasons why we have size limitations on how big individual permanent magnet can be manufactured. I hope you enjoyed this video as much as I did making it And if you want to see more videos with massive permanent magnets subscribe and check out the suggested video on the screen, See you there